Romeo and Juliet Influence of Context - 717 Words

The opening prologue to Romeo and Juliet is heavily shaped by the context of the Elizabethan period. The Elizabethan era was a truly religious time in England where astrology and supernatural beliefs controlled the way a person was treated if they had medical issues. The people of the era believed in a specific hierarchy; this was known as the Great Chain of Being. It is believed that God was the ruler of everything followed by angels and arch angels, humans, animals, plants and minerals. The prologue of Romeo and Juliet is written in sonnet form which created a contemporary feel to the play. Shakespeares sonnets were popular among the English of the time period and they came to watch his plays in the Globe Theatre. His prologue in Romeo†¦show more content†¦The theme of fate and fortune in Romeo and Juliet is shown by the line ‘A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life’. The word, ‘star-cross’d’ portray that the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, will meet because the stars are aligned for them. This shows that fate is a concept in Shakespeares play. Fortune was a big part of the Elizabethan world and was believed to be the main controlling force in life. From zodiac signs to the wheel of Fortune, Elizabethan’s believed in fate and theShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Romeo And Juliet1197 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the ideal. In the novel â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† scripted by William Shakespeare the â€Å"pair of star-crossed lovers (Prologue, 5)† named Romeo and Juliet, do not follow through with this process, and these actions evidently lead to the worth of their lives. Shakespeare’s work is still as impeccable to the modern literary world as he has made a significant contribution to English Literature through both his poems and plays. When analysing and reading his work in context, it provides an insight into theRead MoreThe Dramatic Impact of Act 3 Scene of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dramatic Impact of Act 3 Scene of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, and in particular Act 3 scene 5 is full of dramatic tension, fuelled by various themes. Among the most prominent of these themes are those of secrecy, conflicting public an private worlds, dramatic irony, and the major contrasts in the beginning of the scene when compared to the end of the scene. Many of the stark contrasts that fill the play are clearly seen inRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Movie Analysis852 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a true lovers’ tragedy, an epic masterpiece written by William Shakespeare in the peak of his creativity. It bears the existential dilemma of how to chase true love when all the odds are undeniably stacked against the seeker. The original play, first published in 1597, features the troubled paths of two star crossed lovers whose families despise each other with passion in deep extents. Over the centuries, there have been many interpretations of this play in various forms rangingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1150 Words   |  5 Pages Romeo+Juliet, a kaleidoscopic film directed by Baz Lurmann, is an intriguing modern interpretation on Shakespeare’s 16th century romantic tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, which has been appropriated to suit the audience and context of modern day society. Lurmann said in an interview, â€Å"Shakespeare had an amazing genius for capturing who we are and revealing it to us. My job is just to re-reveal it.† Lurmann successfully appropriated Shakespeare’s original ideas of conflict, violence, love and death, whichRead MoreRomeo Juliet: A Dramedy to Remember1358 Words   |  6 Pageselements from his tragedies, Shakespeare set a clear division between the lighthearted ambiance found in A Midsummer Nights Dream and the heart wrenching despair that pervades Hamlet. However, Folger Theatre has cleared this divide with fervor. Romeo Juliet, a play that was once the epitome of tragic theatre, is no longer pigeonholed to the tight confines of tragedy in regards to mood and tone . While the original dialogue and themes are unchanged, and the show is still classically categorized asRead MoreThe Theme of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Love, or a lack of it, is a very central theme in Romeo and Juliet and often is the root of many arguments in the play. It is very difficult to group love as just one thing as there are many versions of it. A love which the capulets particularly, seem to possess is a love of material possessions and power. For example, the Capulet ball (and subsequent plans for the marriage) is an indication of wealthRead MoreAppropriation of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare and Romeo+Juliet by Baz Luhrmann2533 Words   |  11 PagesDiscuss the appropriation of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Romeo+Juliet’ by Baz Luhrmann Texts and ideas from texts are appropriated and transformed into other text forms and other compositions in a different context. An appropriation is a text that is appropriated or taken over by another composer and presented in a new way. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is a well-known high culture text that is a tragedy about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding familiesRead MoreLiterary Devices852 Words   |  4 Pagesspeeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the  audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. i.e: In Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet drinks the sleeping potion and falls asleep. While she is sleeping, Romeo walks into the tomb, sees Juliet sleeping, and presumes her to really be dead. The audience knows she has just taken the potion, but in the play, Romeo does not know this. End Rhyme - A rhyme in the final syllable(s) of a verse. i.e And therefore is Love said to be aRead MoreBaz Luhrmanns Modern Version Of Romeo and Juliet1300 Words   |  6 PagesBaz Lurhmann’s creation of the film Romeo and Juliet has shown that today’s audience can still understand and appreciate William Shakespeare. Typically, when a modern audience think of Shakespeare, they immediately think it will be boring, yet Lurhmann successfully rejuvenates Romeo and Juliet. In his film production he uses a number of different cinematic techniques, costumes and a formidably enjoyable soundtrack; yet changes not one word from Shakespeare’s original play, thus making it appeal toRead More William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1869 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet, love is depicted in several ways. Both Luhrman and Shakespeare represent love in different ways in different contexts to both the Elizabethan era and the contemporary audience. Both the original and later manifestations of the text are valued because they both communicate to the audience on the values of love and society by employing a variety of devices. The central subject dealt within Romeo and Juliet is the subject of love.

Major Risk Factors For Many Residents Living At St. Augustine

Risk Assessments In general, floodplains is a major risk factor to many residents living in St. Augustine. In their undeveloped state, floodplains play an important role in flooding. Natural floodplains reduce wind and wave impacts and their vegetation stabilizes soils (â€Å"Flood hazard†, n.d.). Floodplains can be recharged in areas of groundwater and reduce the frequency and duration of low flows of surface water (â€Å"Flood hazard†, n.d.). Some local natural floodplains in St. Augustine and St. Johns County are the Guana River State Park and Anastasia State Park. According to the demographic profile of St. Augustine, many of the residents live near those floodplain areas (â€Å"Flood hazard†, n.d.). Documents of previous floods show that St.†¦show more content†¦The effects and risks of flooding is a daily reality in much of St. Augustine. According to the demographic profile, there are over 13,000 people living in St. Augustine, with drinking water wells that are fouled by seawater (Simpson, 2015). In theory, one could conclude that many residents know that a flood is very likely in to strike in their area (Simpson, 2015). With flood warnings in St. Augustine making local newspaper as of lately, one could safely conclude that the community is somewhat trying to make an effort towards awareness to the whole community both local and state. Indicators of the Community Addressing the Issue With seawater wells this could cause a problem if a flood was to occur. Making it even harder to access water due to it being easily contaminated (Simpson, 2015). Communities like St. Augustine can do only so much alone, being only a small community compared to others (â€Å"Sea rise†, 2015). If the city was to build a seawall, it could possible divert water to a neighbor city which would only further the problem (â€Å"Sea rise†, 2015). Cities in Florida also lack the technology, money and manpower to keep back the seas by themselves (â€Å"Sea rise†, 2015). Despite warnings from water experts and climate scientists about risks to cities and drinking water, skepticism over sea-level projections and climate-change science has hampered planning efforts at all levels of

Regulators Environmental Protection Groups â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regulators Environmental Protection Groups? Answer: Introduction The current explain the sustainability report of Coles Limited (Coles.com.au 2017). In this given assignment, appropriate prominence has been given on understanding the present state of sustainability for the largest Australian retailer company named as Coles Limited. Coles Limited focuses mainly on serving customers, suppliers, community and environment as a whole. At Coles Limited, their main responsibility is to affect every aspect of business and encourages being a little better on everyday basis (Coles.com.au 2017). Coles Limited is proud to lend a helping hand to the many business organization where the team members and clientele are involved in and across Australia. The current segment explains the issues that are faced by Coles Limited and linked with practices so that the company can reduce or minimize the issue in the upcoming financial year (Williams 2014). Sustainability reporting of Coles Limited Sustainability report is a report that is prepared by an organization that give detailed information about economic, environmental, social and governance performance. Corporate Social Responsibility can be termed as initiatives taken by Business Corporation for accessing and taking responsibility for the company effects on social and environmental wellbeing. The term CSR applies to efforts that go beyond what may be acquired by regulators or environmental protection groups. As rightly put forward by Smith (2017), Coles Limited has been committed for formation of worth for its shareholders, communities, employees for more than a century from now (Coles.com.au 2017). It is only possible to create long-term value with the shareholders, if the company engages in playing a positive role in the community as a whole. At Coles Limited, sustainability is all about understanding as well as managing the impact that has on community and the environment to ensure how the company engages in creating value in the near future. The sustainability reporting of Coles Limited help in gaining proper understanding on how much effort is required for the company to deal or act in a ethical or responsible way. Current state of sustainability reporting According to Reisch, Eberle and Lorek (2013), Coles Limited provides fresh food, general merchandise, financial services, groceries as well as fuel and liquor to more than 21 million consumers on an average every week through its store system and online channels. Coles Limited have more than 1,02,000 team members and operates nationwide store network of 787 supermarkets, 89 hotels, 865 liquor stores as well as 690 fuel and convenience outlets. There are several material issues that are faced by Coles Limited and these are listed below with proper justification: Australian sourcing- One of the material issue faced by Coles Limited is Australian sourcing. In order to check over the problem, Coles Limited signed the Food and Grocery Code as well as issued a new code compliant terms and conditions that relates to supply agreements to all Coles suppliers (Lodhia and Hess 2014). Community partnerships and support - One of the material issues faced by Coles Limited is community partnerships and support. In order to minimize the problem, Coles Limited supports national as well as local charities along with fundraising activity, disaster relief and food donations (Henderson et al. 2015). Product quality and safety- One of the material issues faced by Coles Limited is product quality and safety (Coles.com.au 2017). In order to minimize the problem, Coles Limited started delivering quality as well as affordable products to the customers and improving brand range of brand. Coles Limited takes the responsible services of alcohol very seriously and participates in industry-wide initiatives that are designed for producing better health outcomes for the customers (Coles.com.au 2017). Climate change- Coles Limited believes that the world is changing at a faster pace. Climate change is present that include increased weather volatility, frequent weather events as well as higher average temperatures and drier climates that have the potential to impact the operations and supply chains (Coles.com.au 2017). The changes here had already affected people all around the world and continue to have serious implications for the customers, community as well as economy. On analysis, it is found that there are various risks that are controlled or managed by Coles Limited as investing in Australias response to climate change will deliver significant economic, social as well as environmental benefits to the community as a whole (Griffith, Hammersley and Kadous 2015). Increased carbon footprint- The issue that is faced by Coles Limited is increased carbon footprint (Coles.com.au 2017). To that, Coles Limited is working or rather been committed to minimize carbon footprint to deliver solutions that will help customers and the community as a whole. Coles Limited is constantly working hard to improve the level of performance as well as publicly report on the progress as mentioned in the sustainability report of the company (Edmonds et al. 2016). Practices According to Beattie (2014), Coles Limited is constantly exploring as well as investing in significant environmental projects and partnerships for reducing environmental impact (Coles.com.au 2017). Coles Limited is committed to offer customers on daily basis by providing quality fresh products and better shopping experience. Coles Limited aims at building stronger, deeper relationships with suppliers through reasonable transactions as well as continuing agreement. In addition, Coles Limited believes in increasing the level of transparency of the supply chain arrangement. Furthermore, Coles Limited works with business and administration for improving contract labor practices for fresh products in Australia. The company drives responsibly as well as ethically sourced products for the brand. Coles Limited promotes mental health with the team members (Beattie 2014). Coles Limited launched Mind your health programs by taking into consideration three pillars of approach that include alertn ess, management and risk reduction (Coles.com.au 2017). Here, mental health is the main key pillar of Coles Limited safety approach as well as invested in online heath assessments. Coles Limited believes in diverting more waste from landfill as well as expanding use of ecological covering and maximizing store recycling agenda. Coles Limited opened stores and operates for making a step change improvement in safety performance in the most appropriate way. Coles Limited mainly focus on increasing number of women leadership position in and across business. In addition, the agenda is mainly supported by a central plan as well as complementary tailored plan to each of the function in the business. Coles Limited believes in taking a holistic system to Indigenous service as well as have partnered with Excellence program that supports young indigenous Australia for getting access to learning (Drury 2013). Implications for various stakeholders in relation to financial decision-making As rightly put forward by DesJardins and McCall (2014) Coles Limited is dedicated towards reducing the impact on the surroundings as well as continuously investing in significant environmental projects and partnerships for attainment of future goals and objectives. Coles Limited is dedicated towards sustaining suppliers where they grow their trade and continues to convey safe products for the clientele. Team members of Coles Limited are passionate about making a difference. The company involves in supporting charity partners as well as reducing the environmental impact as a whole. The main focus of Coles Limited is to continue work towards attainment of sustainable future at the time of supporting Aussie farmers as well as local community (Coles.com.au 2017). Coles Limited conducts training and development programs for their team members that they had achieved within the passage of years (Coles.com.au 2017). More than 780 internal appointments are made from the retail leaders as well as retail operations graduate programs. In case of stakeholder engagement, Coles Limited believes in maintaining trust of the customers in offering best quality of products in terms of value. Coles Limited announced launch of Coles Quality Academy for providing Coles brand suppliers with significant superiority organization training as well as providing targeted training to the team members (Deegan 2013). Safety at workplace is not yet achieved by Coles Limited (Coles.com.au 2017). Coles Limited should maintain workplace safety of their members so that employees feel safe while working in the business organization. Coles Limited faced issues because of increase in manual handling injuries in supermarkets as well as bringing computation method into line with other divisions of Wesfarmers Limited (Chen and Schipper 2016). Conclusion It is recommended that Coles Limited should reduce the current issue and find strategies to move towards dealing their operations in a sustainable way. It is suggested that Coles Limited delivers training programs for improving level of safety leadership as well as promoting safety awareness. At the end of the study, it is concluded that Coles Limited introduced two new energy data coverage systems for keeping a track of energy usage as well as energy competence projects. Coles Limited starts working with Green Building Council of Australia for finalizing a Greenstar rating tool for future freehold supermarket developments. Coles Limited engages in energy-saving initiatives as they have opened 620 stores and installed on refrigeration cases for reducing nigh-time energy use. Coles Limited operates in more than 520 stores as well as automatic lighting controls for reducing energy use outside trading period. In addition, Coles Limited engages in operating 420 stores and has access to a nti-condensate heater controls that reduces energy use of the heaters in the doors. The study properly explains the current state of sustainability report of Coles Limited and finds ways so that they can deal their operations in the most ethical way. Reference List Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Chen, Q. and Schipper, K., 2016. Comments and observations regarding the relation between theory and empirical research in contemporary accounting research.Foundations and Trends in Accounting,10(2-4), pp.314-360. Coles.com.au. 2017.Coles Supermarkets. [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Drury, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edmonds, T.P., Edmonds, C.D., Tsay, B.Y. and Olds, P.R., 2016.Fundamental managerial accounting concepts. McGraw-Hill Education. Griffith, E.E., Hammersley, J.S. and Kadous, K., 2015. Audits of complex estimates as verification of management numbers: How institutional pressures shape practice.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), pp.833-863. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lodhia, S. and Hess, N., 2014. Sustainability accounting and reporting in the mining industry: current literature and directions for future research.Journal of cleaner production,84, pp.43-50. Reisch, L., Eberle, U. and Lorek, S., 2013. Sustainable food consumption: an overview of contemporary issues and policies.Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy,9(2). Smith, M., 2017.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Williams, J., 2014.Financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability

All policy decisions depend on approaches of various policy actors based on their fundamental principles. Fundamental principles that influence policy decisions differ across policy domains. Also, their influences could be strong or weak while their considerations may be explicit or implicit. At the same time, some considerations could be unclear, unstated, obvious and/or stated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some policies, policy principles could be stated in their generic form to be used in an explicit manner (Dovers 2005). As a result, existing policies have fundamental drawbacks and open to criticism. This essay offers a critical analysis of the neoliberal approach to assessing sustainability. Neoliberal approach aims to foster sustainable economic growth, favours the profit motive and high growth rates (Davidson 20 11). The approach also values humans as vital species. According to neoliberalism, market-based economies will offer enough environmental protection, as well as optimal societal outcomes. This approach does not consider the role of the state, communities or individuals as vital. Instead, neoliberal approach places the ultimate faith in free markets and believes that the outcomes will ‘trickle down’ to address challenges. In this regard, one may argue that neoliberal approach promotes competition, non-restriction and a model for economic growth. In addition, any public, societal, or individual roles are inefficient, but competition remains the cornerstone of growth. Hence, one must strive to survive and nature will balance itself (Gunay Gulersoy 2010). There are underlying issues with the neoliberal ideology on sustainability. A study by Davidson, Kellett, Wilson, and Pullen (2012) noted that many actors that strived to differentiate indicators of urban sustainability o ften drew from the neoliberal, silo ideology to conceptualise sustainability. In this case, these models present sustainability as possessing economic, social and environmental dimensions (Davidson et al. 2012). The neoliberal approach, however, has been criticised for its â€Å"inability to account for challenges to sustainability arising from interactions among social, economic and environmental variables† (Davidson et al. 2012, p. 57).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, any sustainability model that cannot evaluate dimensional interactions and their collective impacts are also regarded as ineffective in offering critiques that address well-established structural issues associated with sustainability. The fundamental issue with the neoliberal approach is that, to a greater extent, it supports the substitution of capital resources. In this sense, it is assumed that capital and technological advancements will provide solutions to natural environment limitations. As a result, Neumayer claims that this is a weak version of sustainability because it promotes private interests and principles of free markets rather than the role of the state in social, economic and environmental dimensions (Neumayer 2003). On the other hand, radical ideologists have argued that the state has a fundamental role in protecting society and environments from uncontrolled business and technology activities, which could interfere with forces of the market. Neoliberal ideologists believe that all forms of capital can be substituted and technology developments will provide solutions to resource constraints. In other words, if a resource runs out, then other sources will be found to replace the existing one. In this regard, the degradation of natural forests does not matter because â€Å"new forest plantations can be created to provide the essential raw m aterials† (Davidson 2011, p. 4). Hence, there is no need to limit growth because â€Å"human and technological progress can overcome such challenges† (Davidson 2011, p. 4). Conversely, opponents present strong sustainability that seeks to restrict growth because they believe that both current and future generations will not be sufficiently compensated for depletion of natural resources occasioned by uncontrolled, increased utilisation. At the same time, they dismiss the claims that technologies will offer solutions to resource constraints. Many scholars like Springett and Foster and Beckerman have argued that the neoliberal approach does not promote sustainability further than its current strategy, which propagates maximisation of economic welfare in society (as cited in Davidson 2011, p. 3). In this regard, one may argue that neoliberal actors are working within the sphere of resource exploitation and optimism because of too much emphasis on resource utilisation, alloc ation and use of financial resources to promote quality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Within this point of view, the environment, society and state are subsystems within an economic sphere. In other words, these actors favour economic growth as the only element that can offer a stronger foundation to its subsystems. Neoliberal policies could have detrimental outcomes to sustainability as they aims to distribute all resources that result from competition (Gunay Gulersoy 2010). The political economy of sustainability may posit that the approach could rediscover society through economic growth, high production, competition, innovation, and flexibility, among others. According to Gunay and Gulersoy (2010), urbanisation from the neoliberal point of view is then â€Å"all the economic development-led national state politics that supports privatization and free-market; and in which the role of state is restricted for governmental and economical efficiency in the frame of place competition† (p. 1). This trend, therefore, could eliminate cultural heritage or turn cultural property with public values to new values and promote personal interests and offers different interpretation to cultural values. Today, sustainability and urban conservation have become political weapons. While sustainability should protect cultural heritage and historical sites by promoting their social and economic values, within the framework of the neoliberal approach, policymakers have disregarded social importance of such cultural heritage and turned them into tools of promoting personal, political and economic interests. One major weakness of the neoliberal approach is that it disregards the role of other stakeholders such as state, communities and individuals in sustainability. Contrary to this belief, Kinzig found out that policymakers should use laws and regulations to change individuals’ behaviours to promote environmental conservation efforts such as recycling and energy efficiency by focusing on social values and the associated behaviours (Kinzig, 2013).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researcher notes that pro-environmental behaviours such as conservation and recycling could result into pro-environmental values (Kinzig, 2013). In other words, public policies, laws and regulations should aim to promote individuals’ behaviours that reinforce environmental conservation and lessen negative environmental impacts. The failure to account for the roles of all stakeholders in the neoliberal approach shows its major weakness. According to Armana and Davidson (2014), the role and significance of population to sustainability discussions remains vague and unclear. Population has not formed a major component of sustainability issue. In addition, scholars have ignored complexities that exist between population and sustainability despite the fundamental roles population plays in promoting sustainability and a just society. The neoliberal approach has not promoted the role of population in enhancing sustainability. As a result, it could be challenging to understand how this school of thought provides an account that captures the role of population in sustainability. Given this discrepancy, it could be difficult to make sense of the discourse about the neoliberal approach and the role of population. As noted earlier, Davidson et al. (2012) identified economic, social and environmental dimensions within typology drawn from the neoliberal ideology. In this regard, the neoliberal approach, however, has been criticised for its â€Å"inability to account for challenges to sustainability arising from interactions among social, economic and environmental variables† (Davidson et al. 2012, p. 57). The major challenge that the approach faces is the complexity of these factors and decision-making processes for a built, sustainable environment. Although the neoliberal approach is popular among contemporary policymakers, the approach is unable to offer sustainable solutions as the natural environment experiences pressure from population explosion, clima te change and inefficiency in resource consumption. It is, therefore, imperative to provide a robust approach that can inform and facilitate decision-making processes for a sustainable future. According to Irwin (2007), â€Å"the state, the market and labour relations have been completely overestimated as a mode of operating unchangeable stasis by the Neopragmatists† (p. 643). Neoliberal proponents have shown greater efforts to use the market to manage all forms of interactions and communication that involve individuals, institutions and the natural environment, among others. These theorists, however, have failed to recognise the changing circumstances with regard to application of the neoliberal approach. The neoliberal approach has a wider focus that has resulted into several, overwhelming impacts. While scholars have addressed several complicating factors with regard to the limit of categorical truth and issues of cause and effect, the conventional interpretations should b e discarded because they can no longer support the emerging trends associated with consumerism propagated by the neoliberal ideology. According to Irwin, it is essential to understand the prevailing situations well and one should not remain confined to the neoliberal ideology because â€Å"is not only unnecessary, it is short-sighted and detrimental to both the environment and humanity† (Irwin 2007, p. 643). Centner (2009) noted the failure of the neoliberal approach in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was an attempt to conceptualise and implement a programme that focused on sustainable development by accounting for â€Å"a justice imperative, which encompassed environmental, sociopolitical, and economic concerns† (Centner 2009, p. 173). This attempt to adopt the Urban Environmental Plan faced several issues because of the challenges of prioritising many conflicting goals. According to Irwin, the issue of focus on planning entailed three fundamental neoliberal words noted i n sustainable development, namely â€Å"sustainability, participation, and competitiveness† (Centner 2009, p. 173). These key terms have led to prioritisation of incompatible material-symbolic landscapes. In short, Centner (2009) shows that the neoliberal approach has failed to achieve its intended goal because of competing interests. In such cases, Davidson recognises the need for tradeoffs among the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) (Davidson 2011). The failure of the plan could reflect the poor relationship between political actors and economy because both factors have critical role to play in outcomes of sustainability efforts. In the case of Argentina, the policy actor had a single school of thought on sustainability, but they were unable to manage competing goals of sustainability dimensions. These dimensions were different based on political actors’ perspectives. What are the alternative approaches to the neoliberal model? S tudies show that the neoliberal approach is popular with many urban sustainability plans. However, the neoliberal approach has critical issues and weaknesses that have poorly affected its practicality and applicability. On this note, Davidson et al. (2012) proposed a social democratic approach as an alternative to neoliberal ideology. The authors argue that it would shift categorisation from a neoliberal approach to a social democratic one by suggesting a plan for evaluating urban development â€Å"relational to themes of amenity, accessibility, equity and environmental performance relative to resource conservation† (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 57). The proposed model would be sensitive by accounting for all sustainability elements (social, economic and environmental) with regard to land use planning to sustain both the built and natural environments. Davidson (2011) notes that a social democratic model focuses on developing stronger global institutions and conservation efforts and effective state and local abilities to redistribute resources and manage constraints from the global political economy. Social democrats express deeper concerns regarding the environment, increasing inequalities and population explosion than liberals. While a social democratic model promotes free-market economic approaches, it uses specific terms, such as ‘development’ rather than ‘growth’ alongside quality development instead of quantity. A social democratic approach facilitates the protection of adequate physical resources for sustainable use. In this sense, it could be effective than the neoliberal approach that does not promote sustainable use of natural resources. Today, there are ongoing calls for ‘environmental justice’. However, like other categorised approaches, the environmental justice remains vaguely and loosely defined, particularly within the sphere of social movement demands. According to Schlosberg (2004), many have attribu ted environmental justice to the issue of â€Å"equity, or the distribution of environmental ills and benefits† (p. 517). Schlosberg notes that restricting environment justice to equity leads to incomplete definition because many stakeholders such as activists, NGOs and communities have advocated for much than equitable distribution of ills and benefits. The author strives to point out the inadequacy of a recent model that should promote sustainability. A political economy typology of sustainability is an important tool that guides policymakers and their ideologies when formulating sustainability policies. In reality, models such as neoliberal, environmental justice or social-democratic show how political actors argue over effective solutions to promote environmental, social and economic elements of sustainability. This critical analysis of the neoliberal approach shows its issues and weaknesses. It shows that the model may fail because of poor definitions of key terms, compe ting interests and failure to achieve tradeoffs. As a result, these models lack strong foundations for promoting environmental sustainability. They also show that policy actors may fail to understand the prevailing situations because of rigid ideological paradigms that structure and layer their arguments. A structured approach to a political economy typology could be an effective means of evaluating sustainability and potential solutions because it allows scholars to categorise various ideologies. Hence, sustainability scholars can focus on effective sustainability approaches (Davidson, 2011). The model can aid in categorising diverse opinions and discourses and differentiate various views based on the actor’s approach to economy, society and the environment. A structured approach can ensure that stakeholders understand diverse views. In this regard, there would be broader views of all different approaches, which could allow scholars to evaluate merits of these diverse models . Reference List Armana, M. Davidson, K. 2014, ‘A typology to position population within sustainability discourse’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 433-448. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2013.790351. Centner, R. 2009, ‘Conflictive sustainability landscapes: the neoliberal quagmire of urban environmental planning in Buenos Aires’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 173-192. DOI: 10.1080/13549830802522079. Davidson, K. 2011, ‘A Typology to Categorize the Ideologies of Actors in the Sustainable Development Debate’, Sustainable Development, vol. 22, no. 1pp. 1-14. DOI: 10.1002/sd.520. Davidson, K., Kellett, J., Wilson, L. Pullen, S. 2012, ‘Assessing urban sustainability from a social democratic perspective: a thematic approach’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 57-73. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2011.631990. Dovers, S. 2005, Environment and Sustainability Policy: Creation, Implementation and Evaluation, Federation Press, Australia. Gunay, Z. Gulersoy, N. 2010, Sustainability of Historic Environment in the Neoli.  Web. Irwin, R. 2007, ‘The neoliberal state, Environmental Pragmatism, and its discontents’, Environmental Politics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 643-658. doi: 10.1080/09644010701419154. Kinzig, A. 2013, ‘Social Norms, Behavior Influence Environmental Policy‘, BioScience Magazine. Web. Neumayer, E. 2003, Weak versus Strong Sustainability, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Schlosberg, D. 2004, ‘Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements And Political Theories’, Environmental Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 517-540. DOI: 10.1080/0964401042000229025 This research paper on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability was written and submitted by user Brooklynn K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.